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MULTIMODAL CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION | ||||||||||||||
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Officially, the 70-80s. of the XX century were marked by severe competitive fight between shipping line companies and freight forwarders to attract cargo for organized intermodal connections. An important in this competition the quality of line services have played a BIMCO and FIATA. The first one created for ship owners a set of documentation with the ship-owner responsibility along the route or only at the sea area of ??mixed traffic with division of bill of lading proforms and invoices for conventional cargo carried in containers. Freight forwarders, in their turn, were divided into common carriers, who did not own the tonnage (NVOCC) - Non vessel owning common carrier, that is mixed for operators of mixed traffic who cooperate with the linear ship-owners as cargo consolidators in the container lot, based on regular contract between cargo owners and line freight forwarders conferences and freight operators of mixed traffic on the tonnage of the Conference of uncontrolled geographic areas: Scandinavia, Central and Eastern Europe, the Near and Middle East. As a result, operators were divided into ship owning line companies in the North Atlantic, Pacific, Europe - Southeast Asia, the Far Eastern areas (30% of inland delivery are in hands of freight forwarders), and forwarding companies - for the rest of geographical areas. FIATA has worked out proforma of the negotiable bill, that is, cargo regulating multimodal transport bill of lading - Negotiable FIATA Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading - FBL, and in 1998 a non-negotiable multimodal waybill - Non-negotiable FIATA Multimodal Transport Waybill - FWB.
In 1995, UNCTAD and the International Chamber of Commerce published a "UNCTAD / ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents> (UNCTAD / ICC Rules 95), which are currently considered by carriers, freight forwarders and cargo owners as the only international position paper while creating domestic laws concerning goods shipment in mixed traffics. Accordingly, after 1995 there is a condition universalization of conditions for multi-modal documents FIATA and BIMCO.
Since 1997-1998 the process of structure selection from linear companies division, that
carry forwarding functions into independent subsidiary forwarding companies.
This has put a kind of a pricing end to freight forwarding competition and ship-owning enterprise in operational sector of international transport market, while maintaining competition through the quality of services. |